Combustion :

Any biomass ( wood, crop residues, agri, waste, animal dung in the form of dung cake etc.) having reasonable density equivalent to wood, if burnt in open in traditional (Tri Bricks) chulhas, gives heat on an average of 3-4% thermal efficiency. But under controlled conditions the thermal efficiency may be increased. The best example is Improved Chulha giving the combustion efficiency even upto 14 %.

Gasification /Pyrolysis :

Biomass gasification is basically conversion of solid biomass (i.e. wood/ wood waste, agri, residues et.) into a combustible gas mixture normally known as “Producer Gas”. This fuel gas has low calorific value. The process is used for “woody” biomass and it involves partial combustion of such biomass. Producer gas is a composition of Carbon Dioxide (Co2), Carbon Mono Oxide (co), water vapours (H2O) as well as Hydrogen (H2).

Bio-methanation/ Anaerobic Digestion :

The process of biological digestion/ degradation/ decomposition of any organic matter, taking place in the absence of Oxygen is known as “Anaerobic Digestion” and during the process gaseous fuel production takes place which known as Bio-gas. This Bio-gas has the major constituent of methane (CH4) which has calorific value of 4700 Kcal/ nm3. Biogas is a composition of Methane (CH4), Carbon Dioxide (C02), Hydrogen sulphides (H2S), hydrogen (H2) etc.

So, anaerobic digestion / Bio-methanation technology option is used for biological decomposition of any organic waste as this is the only path giving additional advantage of fertiliser production too as a by product.. Presently bio methanation is being largely used in handling MSW/ Agro Food Industrial / agricultural/ Sugar industrial / Alchohal & distilarries indusrial waste etc. in the country.

Pelletistaion (RDF) :

Fuel Pelletisation Technology could be adopted for energy recovery from municipal solid waste. Fuel pellets or Refused - Derived-Fuel (RDF) are small cubes made from the solid waste/garbage and are used as a fuel for boilers to produce steam or electricity. RDF is frequently burned in utility boilers and in specially designed combustion systems. The calorific value of this product is slightly less than coal and therefore can be a good substitute for coal & wood which are used as fuel. The calorific value of RDF depends on the densification of the waste and its combustion characteristics.

Landfiuing Gas Technology(LGT) :

Sanitary land filling is a disposal facility where soild wastes are placed and stored in or above the soil . Land fill is called a sanitary land filling when waste is compacted in layers and is covered by soil at the end of each day operation so that threat is poised to human health and environment are minimised. Land Technology has its application only for municipal solid waste that has a relatively high organic content. In a certain sense, there is a similarity between the land fill gas technology and the anaerobic digestion technology as the site acts as a bio-reactor in which micro organisms produce a landfill gas.

Incineration :

Incineration is a well established industrial process. In developed countries it has been used for decades for solid waste disposal to substantially reduce the volume. Incineration Technology is also used for Energy Recovery from municipal solid waste, which have a high calorifjc value. Incineration achieves maximum volume reduction. In many developed countries, any any reference to energy -from-waste in the municipal sector implied combustion of household and commercial waste to generate electric power.